Deepfake: Análisis de sus implicancias tecnológicas y jurídicas en la era de la Inteligencia Artificial

Barra lateral del artículo

PDF XML
Publicado: jul 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32870/dgedj.v9i27.754
Palabras clave:
inteligencia artificial, legislación, tecnología, privacidad, seguridad, delitos, colaboración internacional, Ultrafalso

Contenido principal del artículo

Fernando Ramos-Zaga
Universidad Privada del Norte, Perú

Resumen

El surgimiento de la tecnología deepfake ha provocado un cambio trascendental en el mundo digital, exigiendo acciones proactivas tanto desde al ámbito académico como de los responsables políticos, debido a los múltiples desafíos que presenta a diferentes industrias. En ese sentido, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las implicancias tecnológicos y jurídicos en torno al deepfake, subrayando la necesidad imperiosa de que los marcos jurídicos se adapten a los retos que plantea el uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA). Para tal propósito, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura especializada, concentrándose específicamente en los aspectos tecnológicos y los desafíos regulatorios que plantea la tecnología deepfake. Los hallazgos muestran la urgente necesidad de marcos jurídicos efectivos y acordes a los retos que plantea el vertiginoso avance tecnológico para hacer frente a los retos planteados a través del deepfake mediante la colaboración internacional para abordar estas cuestiones de manera integral. Se concluye que es de vital importancia contar con regulación que siga el ritmo de los avances tecnológicos para mitigar las posibles adversidades asociadas al uso de la tecnología deepfake.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Ramos-Zaga, F. . (2024). Deepfake: Análisis de sus implicancias tecnológicas y jurídicas en la era de la Inteligencia Artificial. Derecho Global. Estudios Sobre Derecho Y Justicia, 9(27: Julio-Octubre), 359–387. https://doi.org/10.32870/dgedj.v9i27.754
Número
Vol. 9 Núm. 27: Julio-Octubre (2024): Derecho Global. Estudios sobre Derecho y Justicia
Sección
Artículos de investigación
Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

En este apartado se tratan los asuntos concernientes a los derechos de autor en lo que respecta a la revista, los autores y usuarios.

Se establece en conformidad a lo dispuesto en la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ley General de Educación, Ley Orgánica del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, lo particular del Estado de Jalisco, de la Ley Orgánica, de sus Estatutos y de sus Reglamentos de la Universidad de Guadalajara.

De la revista

  • Derecho Global está registrada con el Número de Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo del Título de la versión electrónica: 04-2015-021708234800-203, e-ISSN: 2448–5136; número de Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo del Título de la versión impresa: 04-2015-021109191900-102, ISSN: 2448-5128, otorgados por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor; con número de certificado de Licitud de Título y Contenido 16827 y es editada por la Universidad de Guadalajara.
  • Derecho Global protegerá los derechos de autor en lo que respecta a sí misma y de los titulares del contenido en ella publicado. Cualquier violación a los mismos se resolverá en conformidad a lo establecido en la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor.

De los autores

  • Los autores tienen el derecho de colección y al autoarchivo.
  • La licencia de uso que otorgan los autores no los priva de publicar sus obras reunidas en colección escogida o completa.
  • El derecho de autor no está ligado a la propiedad del objeto material en el que la obra esté incorporada.
Biografía del autor/a

Fernando Ramos-Zaga, Universidad Privada del Norte, Perú

Abogado por la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). Magíster en Gerencia Social por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Doctorando en Gestión de Empresas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM).

Citas

Ayers, D. (2021). The limits of transactional identity: Whiteness and embodiment in digital facial replacement. Convergence, 27(4), 1018-1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211027810

Bayer, J., Holznagel, D. B., Katarzyna, L., Adela, P., Josephine, B. S., Szakács, J., & Uszkiewicz, E. (2021). Disinformation and propaganda: Impact on the functioning of the rule of law and democratic processes in the EU and its Member States: 2021 update. European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations. https://www.sipotra.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Disinformation-and-propaganda-impact-on-the-functioning-of-the-rule-of-law-and-democratic-processes-in-the-EU-and-its-Member-States-2021-update.pdf

BBC News. (2023, septiembre 23). AI-generated naked child images shock Spanish town of Almendralejo. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66877718

Berenzen, P. (2023). Deepfakes As A Threat To Democracy: Perceptions, Challenges, And Implications Of Deepfake Discourses In Democracies [Bachelor Thesis, University of Twente]. https://essay.utwente.nl/96206/

Busacca, A., & Monaca, M. A. (2023). Deepfake: Creation, Purpose, Risks. En D. Marino & M. A. Monaca (Eds.), Innovations and Economic and Social Changes due to Artificial Intelligence: The State of the Art (pp. 55-68). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33461-0_6

Diakopoulos, N., & Johnson, D. (2021). Anticipating and addressing the ethical implications of deepfakes in the context of elections. New Media & Society, 23(7), 2072-2098. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820925811

Duminica, R., & Ilie, D. M. (2023). Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Development and Use of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Protection of Human Rights in the Era of Globalization and Digitisation. JL & Admin. Sci., 19, 20.

El País México. (2023, octubre 14). Acusado un universitario de alterar con inteligencia artificial miles de imágenes de alumnas para venderlas como pornografía. https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-10-14/acusado-un-universitario-de-alterar-con-inteligencia-artificial-miles-de-imagenes-de-alumnas-para-venderlas-como-pornografia.html

Etienne, H. (2021). The future of online trust (and why Deepfake is advancing it). AI and Ethics, 1(4), 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00072-1

Farid, H. (2022). Creating, Using, Misusing, and Detecting Deep Fakes. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i4.56

Gambín, Á. F., Yazidi, A., Vasilakos, A., Haugerud, H., & Djenouri, Y. (2024). Deepfakes: Current and future trends. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(3), 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10679-x

Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. (2020). Human Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Review of Empirical Research. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 627-660. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0057

Greenough, C. J. (2022). Make it, Fake it and Get Away with it? The Role of Toxic Masculinity and Threat Perception within Cases, Policies, and Legislation Surrounding Deepfakes [Master Thesis, University of Auckland]. https://hdl.handle.net/2292/61261

Hameleers, M., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Dobber, T. (2024). Distorting the truth versus blatant lies: The effects of different degrees of deception in domestic and foreign political deepfakes. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108096

Heidari, A., Jafari Navimipour, N., Dag, H., & Unal, M. (2023). Deepfake detection using deep learning methods: A systematic and comprehensive review. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, n/a(n/a), e1520. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1520

Jagatheesaperumal, S. K., Rahouti, M., Ahmad, K., Al-Fuqaha, A., & Guizani, M. (2022). The Duo of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Industry 4.0: Applications, Techniques, Challenges, and Future Research Directions. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(15), 12861-12885. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3139827

Jinana, H. H. A. (2020). The English torts of defamation and (false) privacy: Analysing the impact of the overlap on defences, interim injunctions and damages [Ph. D Thesis, Keele University]. https://keele-repository.worktribe.com/output/418965

Karnouskos, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Digital Media: The Era of Deepfakes. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society, 1(3), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2020.3001312

Khuat, T. T., Kedziora, D. J., & Gabrys, B. (2022). The Roles and Modes of Human Interactions with Automated Machine Learning Systems (arXiv:2205.04139). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.04139

Kirchengast, T. (2020). Deepfakes and image manipulation: Criminalisation and control. Information & Communications Technology Law, 29(3), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2020.1794615

Kugler, M. B., & Pace, C. (2021). Deepfake privacy: Attitudes and regulation. Nw. UL Rev., 116, 611.

Langa, J. (2021). Deepfakes, real consequences: Crafting legislation to combat threats posed by deepfakes. BUL Rev., 101, 761.

Leiser, M. (2022). Bias, journalistic endeavours, and the risks of artificial intelligence. En T. Pihlajarinne & A. Alén-Savikko (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence and the Media (pp. 8-32). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109973.00007

Li, M., & Wan, Y. (2023). Norms or fun? The influence of ethical concerns and perceived enjoyment on the regulation of deepfake information. Internet Research, 33(5), 1750-1773. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-07-2022-0561

Lu, Y., & Ebrahimi, T. (2024). Assessment framework for deepfake detection in real-world situations. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, 2024(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00621-8

Lussier, N. (2022). Nonconsensual Deepfakes: Detecting and Regulating This Rising Threat to Privacy. Idaho L. Rev., 58, 353.

Mahashreshty, S. (2023). Implications of Deepfake Technology on Individual Privacy and Security [Master Thesis, St. Cloud State University]. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/msia_etds/142

Mammadzada, I. (2021). Deepfakes And Freedom Of Expression: European Perspective [Master’s thesis, Tallinn University of Technology]. https://digikogu.taltech.ee/et/Download/ec6ea9ff-bd47-49e4-986d-3a115c00300b/SvavltsingjavljendusvabadusEuroopaperspekt.pdf

Mekkawi, M. H. (2023). The challenges of Digital Evidence usage in Deepfake Crimes Era. Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies, 3(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v3i2.123

Montasari, R. (2024). Responding to Deepfake Challenges in the United Kingdom: Legal and Technical Insights with Recommendations. En R. Montasari (Ed.), Cyberspace, Cyberterrorism and the International Security in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Threats, Assessment and Responses (pp. 241-258). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50454-9_12

Mukta, M. S. H., Ahmad, J., Raiaan, M. A. K., Islam, S., Azam, S., Ali, M. E., & Jonkman, M. (2023). An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Deepfake Models and Tools. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan12040061

Mustak, M., Salminen, J., Mäntymäki, M., Rahman, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Deepfakes: Deceptions, mitigations, and opportunities. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113368

Naitali, A., Ridouani, M., Salahdine, F., & Kaabouch, N. (2023). Deepfake Attacks: Generation, Detection, Datasets, Challenges, and Research Directions. Computers, 12(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12100216

Ng, G. W., & Leung, W. C. (2020). Strong Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness, 07(01), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2705078520300042

Nikolakopoulos, A., Julian Segui, M., Pellicer, A. B., Kefalogiannis, M., Gizelis, C.-A., Marinakis, A., Nestorakis, K., & Varvarigou, T. (2023). BigDaM: Efficient Big Data Management and Interoperability Middleware for Seaports as Critical Infrastructures. Computers, 12(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12110218

O’Halloran, A. (2021). The Technical, Legal, and Ethical Landscape of Deepfake Pornography [Thesis for Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, Brown University]. https://cs.brown.edu/media/filer_public/57/4a/574aeab5-d4dd-4507-b9b6-6c36a04b6ed8/ohalloranamelia.pdf

Okolie, C. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Altered Videos (Deepfakes), Image-Based Sexual Abuse, and Data Privacy Concerns. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 25(2). https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol25/iss2/11

Pantserev, K. A. (2020). The Malicious Use of AI-Based Deepfake Technology as the New Threat to Psychological Security and Political Stability. En H. Jahankhani, S. Kendzierskyj, N. Chelvachandran, & J. Ibarra (Eds.), Cyber Defence in the Age of AI, Smart Societies and Augmented Humanity (pp. 37-55). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35746-7_3

Pascale, E. (2023). Deeply Dehumanizing, Degrading, and Violating: Deepfake Pornography and the Path to Legal Recourse. Syracuse L. Rev., 73, 335.

Pavis, M. (2021). Rebalancing our regulatory response to Deepfakes with performers’ rights. Convergence, 27(4), 974-998. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211033418

Pawelec, M. (2022). Deepfakes and Democracy (Theory): How Synthetic Audio-Visual Media for Disinformation and Hate Speech Threaten Core Democratic Functions. Digital Society, 1(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-022-00010-6

Peru21. (2023, septiembre 2). El lado oscuro de la Inteligencia Artificial: La manipulación de voz e imágenes | PERU. Peru21. https://peru21.pe/peru/el-lado-oscuro-de-la-inteligencia-artificial-la-manipulacion-de-voz-e-imagenes-noticia/

Popova, M. (2020). Reading out of context: Pornographic deepfakes, celebrity and intimacy. Porn Studies, 7(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2019.1675090

Rizzica, A. (2021). Sexually explicit deepfakes: To what extent do legal responses protect the depicted persons? [Master’s Thesis Law and Technology, Tilburg University]. http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=154764

Schick, N. (2020). Deepfakes: The coming infocalypse. Hachette UK.

Singh, D. P., & Dhiman, D. B. (2023). Exploding AI-Generated Deepfakes and Misinformation: A Threat to Global Concern in the 21st Century. TechRxiv. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.24715605.v1

Staab, L. C. (2023). Making Sense of Deepfakes: Epistemic Harms and the EU Policy Response [Thesis Project, Universiteit Twente]. https://essay.utwente.nl/97795/

Tahraoui, M., Krätzer, C., & Dittmann, J. (2023). Defending Informational Sovereignty by Detecting Deepfakes: Risks and Opportunities of an AI-Based Detector for Deepfake-Based Disinformation and Illegal Activities. En B. Herlo & D. Irrgang (Eds.), Proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2022: Practicing Sovereignty—Interventions for Open Digital Futures (pp. 142-161). Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society - The German Internet Institute. https://doi.org/10.34669/wi.cp/4.14

Tariq, S., Iftikhar, A., Chaudhary, P., & Khurshid, K. (2023). Is the ‘Technological Singularity Scenario’ Possible: Can AI Parallel and Surpass All Human Mental Capabilities? World Futures, 79(2), 200-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2022.2050879

US Congress. (2022, mayo 24). S.2559 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Deepfake Task Force Act (2021-07-29) [Legislation]. Summary of S.2559 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Deepfake Task Force Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2559/summary/00

Vasist, P. N., & Krishnan, S. (2022). Deepfakes: An Integrative Review of the Literature and an Agenda for Future Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.05126

Waseem, S., Abu Bakar, S. A. R. S., Ahmed, B. A., Omar, Z., Eisa, T. A. E., & Dalam, M. E. E. (2023). DeepFake on Face and Expression Swap: A Review. IEEE Access, 11, 117865-117906. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3324403

Whittaker, L., Mulcahy, R., Letheren, K., Kietzmann, J., & Russell-Bennett, R. (2023). Mapping the deepfake landscape for innovation: A multidisciplinary systematic review and future research agenda. Technovation, 125, 102784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102784